Critical Review of Reappraising Cognitive Styles Free Essays

This research is based on empirical user trial data and a sophisticated analysis. It tries to evaluate the validity of applying visual-verbal preferences to an adaptive web-based educational system (AWBES) by examining user trials of a case study. Previous researches are either focused on pragmatic applications or based on inadequate sample sizes. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Review of Reappraising Cognitive Styles or any similar topic only for you Order Now This research goes beyond former ones by employing user trials to collect critical data and directly raising the core question of the effectiveness of the method. However, the flaws in method setting, data analysis, ambiguity in details and the claimed result put in doubt the conclusions suggested by the study. Method/Procedure In this research, students were firstly labeled as visual, verbal and bimodal learners through a computer test, and then put into groups with learning contents either matched, or deliberately mismatched, or neutral to their learning styles. Then tudents’ academic performances were compared to see the significance of differences between groups. Questions were raised when the researchers excluded the verbal users from the statistical analysis due to the extremely small sample size (n=11). The study is supposed to examine three cognitive styles (visual, verbal, bimodal); therefore without the data of the verbal group, the study is incomplete. The study method is further impaired by two questionable grouping methods. The first questionable method states, â€Å"Neutral students were given a mix of visual and verbal ontent, irrespective of their learning style† (p. 30). If a bimodal user is randomly placed in a neutral group and given mixed content, then he will actually receive content matching his learning style. Therefore, since he will end up in given content matching his learning style, it will be more appropriate tor the student to be placed in the matched group. Furthermore, both the matched group and neu tral group have the same bimodal users given neutral contents. This leads to a doubt: the study result which shows insignificant academic differences might be from the similarity of he group members rather than from the invalidity of the utilization. The second questionable method states, â€Å"Mismatched students were given content that was contrary to their learning style† (p. 330). If bimodal users are placed in the mismatched group, what content should be provided to them? Neither visual nor verbal content would be appropriate since they are both partially matched and partially mismatched to a bimodal user; and the neutral content would be inappropriate either, since it matches the bimodal user’s cognitive style and ends up eing against the definition of the mismatched group. A table which illustrates the quantities of three cognitive-styled students distributed into matched/ mismatched/ neutral could help clarify the grouping method. The computer test which distributed students into cognitive groups should employ details and examples of the test and the scoring system to clarify the fairness of the test. As for sampling, the sample size should be adequately enlarged to include an effective verbal sample; the post-secondary students are a biased group which can’t meet the variety of people. The learning module should be studied to see whether it is biased to/against any group/learning style. The quantity of excluded seldom-participating student should be mentioned to allow an exact sample size in the study. Experiment Results The insignificant mean differences in Table2 to Table6 reject hypothesises 1, 2 and 3. As for hypothesis 4, in order to reject it, the authors should clarity why one mean difference (67. 5-60. 0=7. 5) is greater than half of the related standard deviation (1 1. 56112=5. 78) in Table 7, which compares visual, neutral and verbal groups. The explanation, â€Å"upon testing these statistically, there is actually no significance between them† (p. 333) is ambiguous. Thus, the mean differences are not unanimously consistent with the result claimed by the authors that neither the cognitive styles of students nor contents differentiated by the styles contribute to make significant differences in students’ academic performance. The p values from the statistical analysis (p=. 62, p=. 63, p=. 67) are substantially greater than the low p value (less than . 05; or better less than . 01). The high p values raise the question that the sample selection might lack diversity, and may then further affected the result of the study. Discussion The authors’ conclusion that matched/ mismatched learning materials don’t contribute to students’ learning effect, is not consistent with the aforeclaimed conclusion which concerns the effect of visual and bimodal styles of students and contents. The authors’ psychological conclusion that cognitive styles per se are not a validate means of personalising the learning experience is not completely consistent ith the result which only concerns visual and bimodal styles. How to cite Critical Review of Reappraising Cognitive Styles, Papers

Essay Spirituality

Questions: 1. What is prime reality?2. What is a human being? 3. Why is it possible to know anything at all? 4. What happens to a person at death? 6. How do we know what is right or wrong? 7. What is the meaning of human history? Answers: Introduction This report basically describes the spirituality and the seven questions related to spirituality as it is really important to understand that how spirituality can be used to make a human being peaceful and the world that is going towards devastation, can be saved. What is spirituality? Spirituality is not simple to understand. There are various perspectives famous about spirituality. Generally, we can say that the spirituality is the way of creating connection with someone who made the entire world along with the human beings. This also includes finding the meaning of life and purpose of the human life (Krentzman, 2013). Sociological aspect of spirituality includes the practices related to culture; spirituality also includes finding answers of questions like the meaning of merely mundane, God and human being (Colemn, 2014). Philosophically, spirituality is finding the answers of the questions, like purpose of human life, meaning of human life, creator of the world, connecting to the creator, situation of a human being before birth and after death etc. (Philosophy of spirituality, 2011) 1. Prime reality of spirituality According to spirituality, human being is the creation of God. Thus, they are the children of God. Before the creation of human being, various substances were present in an unmanaged way which were organized by God. According to the spirituality, absolute destruction as well as the absolute creation of the world is impossible. Till the God is present in the world, the substances in the heart of all things in world cant be destroyed (Tayson, 2014). This is described in the Newtons law as well according to which, the energy cant be created nor be destroyed; it only changes its form. 2. Human being according to spirituality According to spirituality, human beings are nothing but the creation of god. It is not the body which is called a human being, but an energy called the soul is actually a human being. Soul is a bond of energy which cant be destroyed and even after the death of body the soul remains alive. According to spirituality, there are three levels of human mind, unconscious mind, subconscious mind and conscious mind. Conscious mind stores the present experience of a human being; subconscious mind stores the experiences of the present birth while the unconscious mind has the bulk of data and can be called a database of all the births of a human being. There are a lot of memories in the unconscious mind (Devis, 2009). 3. Possibility of knowing anything at all As described above, the unconscious mind of a human being has the experiences of the years. There are a lot of memories in it. Thus, a human being simply needs to access its unconscious mind and he only needs to believe. People need to believe in all things like abstract and material present in the world. The logical concepts present in the world limits the human being to find the answers of various questions but there is a lot to know which cant be understood by the logical concept (Greaves, 2013). People need to believe that the answers of everything is present in this world and one can find the answer easily by using the spirituality. 4. What happens to a person at death? At the time of death, the physical body of the human being remains on the earth while the vital energy called the soul, is released into the universe. The person with diverse mind remains on the earth in the form of ghosts while all others go to heaven or hell according to their positive or negative deeds (Spiritual Science Research Foundation, 2013). 5. Getting answers of right and wrong According to spirituality, there are some principles of God for finding the right or wrong of everything. The first principle is finding whether the concern is helpful or not. God tells that all things are designed according to the law. Thus, everything follows the law but they are not profitable unless it is helpful to the humans (McAllister, 2010). The second principle is finding that whether the human being is a master or slave of any situation. This can be understood by the example of addiction that makes the human being slave. Thus, the concerns which make the human being a master, are right. The third principle is to find that whether the concern is harmful to anyone and finally, the fourth principle is finding whether the concern glorifies the God or not? 6. Meaning of human history According to Pantheism, history is cyclical as the human being gets the chance of getting right multiple times which means making mind cosmic conscious. According to Naturalism, history is linear. Thus, a serial of natural event creates the history (Lossky, 2007). Conclusion According to the above essay, it can be concluded that the spirituality is actually finding the answers of various unsolved questions which makes the human mind peaceful. References Krentzman, Amy (2013). What is Spirituality Retrieved from https://www.takingcharge.csh.umn.edu/enhance-your-wellbeing/purpose/spirituality/what-spirituality Colemn, Max (2014). How do sociologists define spirituality Retrieved From https://www.quora.com/How-do-sociologists-define-spirituality Philosophy of spirituality (2011). Philosophy of Spirituality Retrieved From https://www.philosophy-of-spirituality.org/about-philosophy-of-spirituality.htm Tayson, Stephen (2014). Morminism Retrieved From https://www.patheos.com/Library/Mormonism/Beliefs/Ultimate-Reality-and-Divine-Beings.html Greaves, Annabel (2013). How can I know anything at all? Retrieved From https://philosophynow.org/issues/57/How_Can_I_Know_Anything_At_All McAllister, Dawson (2010). How can I find what is right or wrong Retrieved from https://christiananswers.net/q-dml/dml-y003.html Spiritual Science Research Foundation (2013). Where do we go after death a Spiritual perspective Retrieved from https://www.spiritualresearchfoundation.org/spiritual-research/afterlife/life-after-death/ Lossky, N.O. (2007). What is the meaning of history Retrieved From https://bible.org/seriespage/9-what-meaning-history Devis, Freddy (2009). How do we know right or wrong Retrieved From https://www.marketfaith.org/how-do-we-know-right-and-wrong/

Market Plan for T17 technology House Company

Big Brother Media Essay essays

Big Brother Media Essay essays I am going to conduct a survey to find out why people watched Big Brother, what they liked and disliked, how they found out about Big Brother and how they watched the program. I gave they following survey to 35 people of different ages and interests and have summarized the information using words and graphs. Age Group: 9 40-45, 46-51, 52-57, 58-63, 64-69 70 Do you watch Big Brother? Yes No Please circle your answer If yes how often.........hours per week on average? How did you find out about Big Brother example: friends, television, radio etc? Why do you watch Big Brother? What do you like most about the program? What do you dislike most about the program? Where do you watch the program? Who do you watch the program with? What do you do in the break adverts? What have you enjoyed most about the program so far? Whos do you want to win the 3rd big brother? Would you take part in future episode of Big Brother? Yes No Why? Please circle your answer Results: From this pie graph above we can see that over  ¾ of the people I asked do watch Big Brother. This shows that Big brother is very popular and a very large audience. From the above line graph you can see that people ages 16 21 are the group who watch Big Brother the most and second to that is people aged 10 15 which shows me that the majority of people who watch Big Brother are teenagers and young adults, so the concepts and qualities of Big Brother must be appealing to those young age groups. How People Heard and were introduced to Big Brother From this pie chart above you can see that just under half of the people who took part in my survey were introd...

2101W Assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

2101W Assignment 2 - Essay Example The medieval age of the Germany was significantly influenced by two different principles, individualism and universalism (Leyser 30-256). The then economic reforms and political regimes had also played vital roles in the development of the modern German society. Notably, it was during the years 1046 to 1057 that Germany witnessed the rise of one after another revolutionary popes including Pope Clement II, Pope Dumasus II, Pope Leo IX, Pope Victor II and Pope Stephen IX (Jeep 500). During the medieval age of Germany, struggles became apparently identifiable between the then established German Empire and the reforming Catholic Churches who wished to strengthen their control on the political and economic structures of the nation. It was during in 1024 that Duke Conrad II, the first of the Salian dynasty was crowned as the king of the Germans. Historical testaments affirm that during the sovereignty of Conrad II’s son Henry III (1039 to 1056), the empire fully supported the Cluniac reforms, which continued from 910. Another vital change was observed in the political structure of Germany during this period, which had drastic effects on the economic growth of the nation in the later period of the 14th and the 15th centuries. Before 1056, i.e. before the reign of Henry IV, German churches, representing the papal authority was dominated by the emperors in the nation. However, with the advent of Cluniac reforms, monasteries were being reformed, where monastic h ouses were being transferred under the direct leadership of papacy from being placed under the feudal control. The conflict taking place between the Popes and German states further gave rise to the Investiture Controversy which lasted till 1122. This ultimately increased the complexities in the legal environment of Germany, which further augmented the discrepancies within trade relations of German empires and also with international market, as traders now had

Management of Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Management of Decision Making - Essay Example SSM being a user centered design approach concentrates mainly on the people involved with the problem and focus on the specific problems secondarily. It also aims at analyzing the problem from different perspectives. SSM provides an effective and efficient way to carry out an analysis of the processes in which technological processes and human activities are interdependent. This paper envisages making a case study of the problems faced by stake holders and various other entities dealing with a particular branch of a Local bank and how SSM approach provides a solution to the problem identified: SSM involves various key stages in its implementation like, identifying and defining the problem situation and expressing them in the context of relevance to human factors involved, creating relevant root definitions and thereby evolving conceptual models measuring performance. Such models created would then be compared with the real world to assess the requirement of any desirable or necessary changes and finally recommending the corrective action to be taken. To understand and deal with the structured problem one should have answers to such questions as who are the key players, what their perception of the situation is, what processes are going on now and what the organized structures are: In our example the basic details about the organization Bank Muscat must be studied to apply SSM. Bank Muscat is the largest Bank in Oman with a strong presence in consumer banking, corporate banking, Investment Banking, Asset Management, private banking and project finance. The bank has a network of over 90 branches in Oman and a representative office in Dubai. Bank Muscat has interests in India and Bahrain. The Brach is headed by an efficient manager of the Bank Mr.Salim Ali Al Busaidi and assisted by Assistant Manager Nawal Salman Al Rawabi with additional staff to

Strategic Role of Information Systems in Contemporary Business Essay

Strategic Role of Information Systems in Contemporary Business Organisations - Essay Example Behind the Google search engine IT infrastructure are huge server farms and storage databases that enable the production of significantly high computational processing power. There is speculation about Google’s server farms, terabytes of storage disks packaged into shipping containers in order to allow for more set-ups of server farms around the world (Spencer 2011:35). These infrastructures are then distributed across numerous independent, which further provide resources for parallel computing. The arrangement has enabled Google to expand its market worldwide, surpassing the 100 billion dollars market capital as well as gaining admiration and respect all over the globe. Additionally, the paper uses Porter’s 5-forces approach to elaborate the competitive environment of the company as well as highlights its competitive advantages. Introduction The Google search engine is among the most widely used search engines in the globe. The firm has captured the hearts of informati on-craving individuals searching the web for everything and anything in their imagination. The growth of the company has been tremendous, dominating the search engine market by more than 60% worldwide (Scott 2008:162). Additionally, the firm currently has a market capital approaching the 200 billion dollars mark, which economically suggests that the company is doing great. The company capitalizes on information technology strategies to expand its market share, including improvement of its unique search engine algorithm as well as knowledge management techniques (Dalkir 2005:122). This paper seeks to analyze the conceptual framework of Google’s strategies and the application of knowledge management concept in developing and sustaining the strategic capabilities and the competitive edge of the company. The research strategy focuses on the recent adoption of knowledge management techniques in the search engine, as well as other application like the new social network Google Plus . The paper utilizes materials from educative and scholarly articles, journals, and books. Conceptual Framework The success of Google in the web-based search engine industry is attributed to the adoption of knowledge management principles in its search technology. Knowledge management is a powerful tool that Google has incorporated at the centre of its search paradigm (Fernandez and Leidner 2008:81). The search technology design is in such a manner that it polls the collective judgment of many web creators to optimize its search results. Consequently, the company has created a multi-billion dollar business empire from super-targeted advertisements that give magazines and newspaper classified a run for their money. Google was a first-mover in the many/ordinary business model, leaving most of the other competitors on the few/expert model (Bottletree Books 2011:23). The company capitalizes on the fact that search results be ranked based on collective judgment. The search results improv e as more people conduct web search using their application, enabling Google to associate relevant contents with keywords. Findings and Analysis The development of search engines began in early 1990s with aims of facilitating